Reparações infraestruturais
reconcebendo a justiça restaurativa no Haiti e em Porto Rico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20336/rbs.974Palavras-chave:
cidadania infraestrutural, colonialidade, racialização, Caribe, blockchainResumo
Infraestruturas têm uma capacidade inerentemente desigual de conectar e de prover algumas pessoas de determinados bens e fluxos de informação, enquanto priva de direitos e desumaniza outras através dos próprios processos de (des)conexão de elementos da condição urbana. As injustiças infraestruturais moldam as épocas, os horizontes de tempo e os ciclos de vida. Há uma falta de sincronia entre os horizontes de tempo de durabilidade, materialidade, engenharia e financeirização de infraestruturas e os das necessidades imediatas das pessoas e comunidades viventes – mas também há necessidade de um horizonte de tempo mais longo, que reconheça a demanda por reparações históricas, para além das necessidades imediatas. A justiça restaurativa infraestrutural exige a eliminação da violência de determinações infraestruturais que há muito tempo sustentam a supremacia branca, desumanizando negros, pardos e indígenas, assim como outras pessoas de cor. Aqueles sem acesso ao direito de reivindicar que o Estado forneça o básico para a vida devem ir além da restauração ou do reparo, buscando, em vez disso, reparações infraestruturais e justiça restaurativa como condições materiais para viver. Este ensaio reflete sobre algumas das táticas de reparações flexíveis, provisórias e infraestruturais que surgiram no Haiti e em Porto Rico, onde os sistemas de infraestrutura pública falharam drasticamente. No Haiti, as táticas de apropriação envolveram comunidades (e gangues) que se ligaram a sistemas fraturados onde há pouca provisão estatal. Em Porto Rico, o desastre levou organizações de base a pedirem uma recuperação justa, mas também empreendedores de blockchain a aproveitarem oportunidades offshore para escapar do estado. Ambos os casos demonstram a precariedade, o poder, as oportunidades e os riscos ocultos nos sistemas descentralizados face a sistemas infraestruturais fragmentados.
Referências
Anand, N. (2015) ‘Leaky states: water audits, ignorance, and the politics of infrastructure’, Public Culture, 27(2): 305– 30.
Anand, N. (2017) Hydraulic City: Water and the Infrastructures of Citizenship in Mumbai, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Anand, N., Gupta, A. and Appel, H. (eds) (2018) The Promise of Infrastructure, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Appel, H. (2019) The Licit Life of Capitalism: US Oil in Equatorial Guinea, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Arthur, C. and Dash, J. (eds) (1999) Libète: A Haiti Anthology, London: Latin America Bureau.
Auyero, J. (2012) Patients of the State: The Politics of Waiting in Argentina, London and New York: Duke University Press.
Auyero, J. and Swistun, D.A. (2009) Flammable: Environmental Suffering in an Argentine Shantytown, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Beckett, G. (2019) There Is No More Haiti: Between Life and Death in Port- au- Prince, Oakland: University of California Press.
Bonilla, Y. (2018) ‘For investors, Puerto Rico is a fantasy blank slate’, The Nation, 28 February. Available from: https:// www.thenat ion.com/ arti cle/ arch ive/ for- invest ors- pue rto- rico- is- a- fant asy- blank- slate/ [Accessed
November 2022].
Bonilla, Y. and Klein, N. (2018) ‘Six months after Maria, residents resist efforts to turn island into privatized Bitcoin playground’, Democracy Now, 21 March. Available from: https:// www.democ racy now.org/ 2018/ 3/ 21/ six_ months_ a fter _ mar ia_ r esid ents _ res ist [Accessed 15 November 2022].
Bowles, N. (2018) ‘Making a crypto utopia in Puerto Rico’, New York Times, 2 February. Available from: https:// www.nyti mes.com/ 2018/ 02/ 02/ tec hnol ogy/ cry ptoc urre ncy- pue rto- rico.html [Accessed 15 November 2022].
Crandall, J. (2019) ‘Blockchains and the “Chains of Empire”: contextualizing blockchain, cryptocurrency, and neoliberalism in Puerto Rico’, Design and Culture, 11(3): 279– 300.
Dawson, A. (2017) Extreme Cities: The Peril and Promise of Urban Life in the Age of Climate Change, London: Verso.
de Certeau, M. (1984) The Practice of Everyday Life, Berkeley: University of California Press.
De Coss- Corzo, A. (2021) ‘Patchwork: repair labor and the logic of infrastructure adaptation in Mexico City’, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 39(2): 237– 53.
de Souza e Silva, A., Sutko, D.M., Salis, F.A. and de Souza e Silva, C. (2011). ‘Mobile phone appropriation in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil’, New Media & Society, 13(3): 411– 26.
Du Bois, W.E.B. (1903) The Souls of Black Folk, New York: New American Library.
Easterling, K. (2016) Extrastatecraft: The Power of Infrastructure Space, London: Verso.
Fanon, F. (1990) The Wretched of the Earth, trans C. Farrington, London: Penguin.
Ferguson, J. (2006) Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Freeman, C. (2000) High Tech and High Heels in the Global Economy, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Gandy, M. (2008) ‘Landscapes of disaster: water, modernity, and urban fragmentation in Mumbai’, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 40(1): 108– 30.
Gandy, M. (2014) The Fabric of Space: Water, Modernity, and the Urban Imagination, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Graham, S. and Marvin, S. (2001) Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition, London: Routledge.
Hagen, J. and Diener, A.C. (eds.) (2022) Invisible borders in a Bordered World: Power, Mobility, and Belonging, London and New York: Routledge.
Horst, H.A. (2013) ‘The infrastructures of mobile media: towards a future research agenda’, Mobile Media and Communication, 1(1): 147– 52.
Insight Caribbean (2021) ‘Jimmy Chérizier, alias “Barbecue”’. Available from: https:// web.arch ive.org/ web/ 202 2071 4223 639/ https:// insig htcr ime.org/ caribb ean- organi zed- crime- news/ jimmy- cheriz ier- alias- barbe cue/ [Accessed 21 June 2022].
Johnston, J. (2022) ‘They fooled us’, Center for Economic and Policy Research, 7 February. Available from: https:// cepr.short hand stor ies.com/ they- foo led- us/ index.html [Accessed 15 November 2022].
Katz, J.M. (2013) The Big Truck that Went By: How the World Came to Save Haiti and Left Behind a Disaster, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kitchin, R. and Dodge, M. (2011) Code/ Space Software and Everyday Life, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kitchin, R., Lauriault, T. and McArdle, G. (eds) (2018) Data and the City, Abingdon: Routledge.
Kivland, C.L. (2020) Street Sovereigns: Young Men and the Makeshift State in Urban Haiti, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Klein, N. (2018) The Battle for Paradise: Puerto Rico Takes On the Disaster Capitalists, Chicago: Haymarket Books.
Lemanski, C. (ed) (2019) Infrastructures of Citizenship: Practices and Identities of Urban Citizens and the State, Abingdon: Routledge.
Lemanski, C. (2020) ‘Infrastructural citizenship: the everyday citizenships of adapting and/ or destroying public infrastructure in Cape Town, South Africa’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 45(3): 589– 605. Lewis, J.S. (2020) Scammer’s Yard: The Crime of Black Repair in Jamaica, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
McKinney, J. (2022) ‘Consortium to Rebuild Puerto Rico’, updated 4 November 2022. Available from: https:// www.trvst.world/ char ity- civil- soci ety/ con sort ium- to- rebu ild- pue rto-r ico/ [Accessed 6 January 2023].
McKittrick, K. (2006) Demonic Grounds: Black Women and the Cartographies of Struggle, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Murphy Marcos, C. and Mazzei, P. (2022) ‘The rush for a slice of paradise in Puerto Rico’, New York Times, 31 January. Available from: https://w ww. nyti mes.com/ 2022/ 01/ 31/ us/ pue rto-r ico- gen trifi cat ion.html [Accessed 15 November 2022].
Parks, L. (2014) ‘Walking Phone Workers’ in The Routledge Handbook of Mobilities (eds) P. Adey, D. Bissell, K. Hannam, P. Merriman and M. Sheller, New York: Routledge, pp 243– 55.
Parks, L. and Schwoch, J. (eds) (2012) Down to Earth: Satellite Technologies, Industries, and Cultures, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Parks, L. and Starosielski, N. (eds) (2015) Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures, Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Ragnedda, M. (2020) Enhancing Digital Equity: Connecting the Digital Underclass, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Renteria, N. (2021) ‘El Salvador plans first “Bitcoin City”, backed by bitcoin bonds’, Reuters, 21 November. Available from: https://w ww.reuters.com/ mark ets/ rates- bonds/ el- salva dor- plans- first- bitc oin- city- bac ked- by- bitc oin- bonds- 2021- 11- 21/ [Accessed 21 June 2022].
Rodney, W. ([1972] 2018) How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, London: Verso.
Sharpe, C. (2016) In the Wake: On Blackness and Being, Durham, NC: Duke
University Press.
Sheller, M. (2000) Democracy After Slavery: Black Publics and Peasant Radicalism in Haiti and Jamaica, Warwick: Macmillan Caribbean; Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Sheller, M. (2003) Consuming the Caribbean: From Arawaks to Zombies, London: Routledge.
Sheller, M. (2009a) ‘Infrastructures of the imagined island: software, mobilities, and the architecture of Caribbean paradise’, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 41(6): 1386– 403.
Sheller, M. (2009b) ‘The new Caribbean complexity: mobility systems,
tourism and the spatial rescaling’, Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 30(2): 189– 203.
Sheller, M. (2012) Citizenship from Below: Erotic Agency and Caribbean Freedom, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Sheller, M. (2013) ‘The islanding effect: post- disaster mobility systems and humanitarian logistics in Haiti’, Cultural Geographies, 20(2): 185– 204.
Sheller, M. (2014) Aluminum Dreams: The Making of Light Modernity, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Sheller, M. (2018) ‘Caribbean futures in the offshore Anthropocene: debt, disaster, and duration’, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 36(6): 971– 86.
Sheller, M. (2019) ‘Locating technologies on the ground in post- earthquake Haiti’, in R. Wilken, G. Goggin and H.A. Horst (eds) Location Technologies in International Context, Abingdon: Routledge, pp 129– 42.
Sheller, M. (2020) Island Futures: Caribbean Survival in the Anthropocene, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Sheller, M. (2021) ‘The geopolitics of offshore infrastructure- space: remediating military bases, tourist resorts, and alternative island futures’, in M. Mostafanezhad, M. Cordoba- Azcárate and R. Norum (eds) Tourism Geopolitics: Assemblages of Infrastructure, Affect, and Imagination, Tucson: University of Arizona Press, pp 283–305.
Sheller, M., Galada, H.C., Montalto, F.A., Gurian, P.L., Piasecki, M., Ayalew, T. and O’Connor, S. (2013) ‘Gender, disaster and resilience: assessing women’s water and sanitation needs in Leogane, Haiti, before and after the 2010 earthquake’, wH2O: The Journal of Gender & Water, 2(1): 18– 27.
Simone, A. (2004) ‘People as infrastructure: intersecting fragments in
Johannesburg’, Public Culture, 16(3): 407– 29.
Simone, A. (2013) ‘Cities of uncertainty: Jakarta, the urban majority, and inventive political technologies’, Theory, Culture & Society, 30(7/8): 243 –63.
Simpson, I. (2021) ‘Cultural political economy of the start-u p societies imaginary’, PhD dissertation, McGill University, Montreal.
Simpson, I. and Sheller, M. (2022) ‘Islands as interstitial encrypted geographies: making (and failing) cryptosecessionist exits’, Political Geography, 99: art 102744. Available from: https:// doi.org/ 10.1016/ j.pol geo.2022.102 744 [Accessed 14 November 2022].
Star, S.L. (1999) ‘The ethnography of infrastructure’, American Behavioral
Scientist, 43(3): 377– 91.
Starosielski, N. (2015) The Undersea Network: Sign, Storage Transmission, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Thiel, P. (2009) ‘From scratch: libertarian institutions and communities – the education of a libertarian’, Cato Unbound, 13 April. Available from: https:// www.cato- unbo und.org/ 2009/ 04/ 13/ peter- thiel/ educat ion- libe rtar ian [Accessed 15 November 2022].
Tormos- Aponte, F., García- López, G. and Painter, M.A. (2021) ‘Energy
inequality and clientelism in the wake of disasters: from colorblind to affirmative power restoration’, Energy Policy, 158: art 112550. Available from: https://d oi. org/ 10.1016/ j.enpol.2021.112 550 [Accessed 15 November 2022].
Trouillot, M.-R . (2021) Trouillot Remixed: The Michel-R olph Trouillot Reader, (ed) Y. Bonilla, G. Beckett and M.L. Fernando, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Wacquant, L. (2016) ‘Revisiting territories of relegation: Class, ethnicity and state in the making of advanced marginality’, Urban Studies, 53(6): 1077– 1088.
Watlington, C. (2019) ‘Tales from the cryptos: blockchain visionaries and old colonial scams in Puerto Rico’, The Baffler, January. Available from: https:// the baffl er.com/ outbur sts/ tales- from- the- cryp tos- wat ling ton [Accessed 15 November 2022].
Wynter, S. (2003) ‘Unsettling the coloniality of being/ power/ truth/ freedom: towards the human, after man, its overrepresentation – an argument’, CR: The New Centennial Review, 3(3): 257– 337.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2023 Mimi Sheller; Carolina Fernandes
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantêm os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).